1 . Generally, penguins are not sexually dimorphic; males and females look alike. Crested penguins are exceptions: the males are more robust and have larger bills (del Hoyo, et al., 1992).
2. During the breeding season, female penguins are sometimes identifiable by muddy footprints on their backs, left by males during mating activity.
During the breeding season, female penguins are sometimes identifiable
by muddy footprints on their backs, left by males during mating activity. Pictured
here are Adélie penguins.
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