A. Vocalizations.

1. Flamingo vocalizations range from nasal honking to grunting or growling. Flamingos are generally very noisy birds. Variations exist in the voices of different species of flamingos.

2. Vocalizations play an important role in keeping flocks together as well as in ritualized displays. Specific calls are used in conjunction with certain behaviors.

3. Vocalizations are used in parent-chick recognition.

B. Visual displays.

Flamingos communicate with a broad range of visual displays.

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