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| PENGUINS |
| Appendix: Penguin Species Overviews |
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| GENUS SPECIES |
Aptenodytes forsteri |
| SIZE |
112 cm (44 in.), 27-41 kg (60-90 lb.) |
| DISTRIBUTION |
circumpolar on Antarctic continent within limits of pack ice |
| PREY |
fishes, squids |
| PREDATORS |
leopard seals, killer whales, skuas |
| POPULATION |
about 270,000-350,000 individuals |
| CURRENT STATUS |
IUCN classifies this species as "least concern"; population stable |
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| The distribution of emperor penguins is circumpolar on the Antarctic continent within limits of the pack ice. |
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| GENUS SPECIES |
Aptenodytes patagonicus |
| SIZE |
94 cm (37 in.), 13.5-16 kg (30-35 lb.) |
| DISTRIBUTION |
subantarctic islands and peninsulas, usually forage in ice-free waters |
| PREY |
squids, fishes |
| PREDATORS |
leopard seals, skuas, giant petrels, gulls, sheathbills |
| POPULATION |
about 2,000,000 adults |
| CURRENT STATUS |
IUCN classifies this species as "least concern"; population stable or increasing |
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| King penguins are found on subantarctic islands and peninsulas. They usually forage for food in ice-free waters. |
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| GENUS SPECIES |
Pygoscelis adeliae |
| SIZE |
46-61 cm (18-24 in.), 3.5-4.5 kg (8-10 lb.) |
| DISTRIBUTION |
circumpolar on Antarctic continent within limits of pack ice |
| PREY |
primarily krill, also squids and fishes |
| PREDATORS |
leopard seals, skuas, sheathbills |
| POPULATION |
about 4,000,000 to 5,200,000 individuals |
| CURRENT STATUS |
IUCN classifies this species as "least concern"; population increasing in East Antarctica and Ross Sea, decreasing on the Antarctic Peninsula |
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| Adélie penguin distribution is circumpolar on the Antarctic continent within the limits of the pack ice. |
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| GENUS SPECIES |
Pygoscelis papua |
| SIZE |
61-76 cm (24-30 in.), 5.5-6.5 kg (12-14 lb.) |
| DISTRIBUTION |
circumpolar in subantarctic and antarctic waters; avoids pack ice and continental coasts (except near the Antarctic Peninsula) |
| PREY |
krill, squid |
| PREDATORS |
skuas, leopard seals, antarctic fur seals, New Zealand sea lions, Southern sea lions |
| POPULATION |
estimated 314,000 breeding pairs |
| CURRENT STATUS |
IUCN classifies this species as "near threatened"; increasing on Antarctic Peninsula and South Sandwich Island, decreasing on some islands |
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| Gentoo penguin distribution is circumpolar in subantarctic and Antarctic waters. They avoid pack ice and most continental coasts with the exception of the Antarctic Peninsula. |
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| GENUS SPECIES |
Pygoscelis antarcticus |
| SIZE |
46-61 cm (18-24 in.), 4 kg (9 lb.) |
| DISTRIBUTION |
antarctic and South American islands |
| PREY |
krill, small fishes |
| PREDATORS |
leopard seals, skuas, sheathbills |
| POPULATION |
about 8,000,000 individuals |
| CURRENT STATUS |
IUCN classifies this species as "least concern" |
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| Chinstrap penguins are found on Antarctic and South American islands. |
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| GENUS SPECIES |
Eudyptes chrysocome |
| SIZE |
41-46 cm (16-18 in.), 2.5 kg (5-6 lb.) |
| DISTRIBUTION |
subantarctic islands |
| PREY |
fishes, squids, krill |
| PREDATORS |
New Zealand fur seals, New Zealand sea lions, Southern sea lions, skuas, gulls |
| POPULATION |
about 7,340,000 mature individuals |
| CURRENT STATUS |
IUCN classifies this species as "vulnerable"; populations are declining |
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| Rockhopper penguins are found on subantarctic islands. |
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| GENUS SPECIES |
Eudyptes schlegeli |
| SIZE |
66-76 cm (26-30 in.), 5.5 kg (12 lb.) |
| DISTRIBUTION |
Macquarie, Bishop, and Clerk Islands in the Southern Ocean |
| PREY |
krill, squids |
| PREDATORS |
New Zealand fur seals, skuas, giant petrels |
| POPULATION |
about 1,702,000 adults; most of population on Macquarie Island |
| CURRENT STATUS |
IUCN classifies this species as "vulnerable"; populations recovering from earlier exploitation |
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| Royal penguins are found on the Macquarie, Bishop and Clerk Islands in the Southern Ocean as well as around the New Zealand coast. |
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| GENUS SPECIES |
Eudyptes sclateri |
| SIZE |
64 cm (25 in.), 2.5-3.5 kg (6-8 lb.) |
| DISTRIBUTION |
breed only on the Antipodes and Bounty Islands of New Zealand |
| PREY |
probably squids, fishes |
| PREDATORS |
possibly New Zealand sea lions, New Zealand fur seals, Australian sea lions |
| POPULATION |
estimated 154,000 to 170,000 mature individuals |
| CURRENT STATUS |
IUCN classifies this species as "endangered"; populations in decline |
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| Erect-crested penguins are found along the coasts of Australia, New Zealand and on the Antipodes and Bounty Islands. |
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| GENUS SPECIES |
Eudyptes chrysolophus |
| SIZE |
51-61 cm (20-24 in.), 4.5 kg (10 lb.) |
| DISTRIBUTION |
subantarctic islands in the Atlantic and Indian oceans |
| IDENTIFICATION |
A crest of orange plumes extends backwards |
| PREY |
squids and krill |
| PREDATORS |
leopard seals, antarctic fur seals, skuas, sheathbills |
| POPULATION |
about 18,000,000 mature individuals current |
| CURRENT STATUS |
IUCN classifies this species as "vulnerable"; populations in decline |
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| Macaroni penguins are found on subantarctic islands in the Atlantic and Indian oceans. |
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| GENUS SPECIES |
Eudyptes pachyrhynchus |
| SIZE |
61 cm (24 in.), 2.5-3 kg (6-7 lb.) |
| DISTRIBUTION |
subantarctic islands and New Zealand |
| PREY |
small fishes, crustaceans, cuttlefish |
| PREDATORS |
New Zealand fur seals, stoats (weasel relatives), weka (rail bird) |
| POPULATION |
estimated 5,000 to 6,000 adults |
| CURRENT STATUS |
IUCN classifies this species as "vulnerable"; declining; nesting sites small, widespread and vulnerable to predation and human interference |
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| Fiordland crested penguins are found on subantarctic islands and New Zealand. |
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| GENUS SPECIES |
Eudyptes robustus |
| SIZE |
64 cm (25 in.), 2.5-3 kg (6-7 lb.) |
| DISTRIBUTION |
south of New Zealand in the Snares Islands (all within 3 sq. km) |
| PREY |
euphausiid "shrimp", squids, fishes |
| PREDATORS |
New Zealand sea lions |
| POPULATION |
about 46,500 mature penguins |
| CURRENT STATUS |
IUCN classifies this species as "vulnerable"; all individuals are in less than five locations, but current population numbers are probably stable |
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| Snares Island penguins are found south of New Zealand in the Snares Islands which encompasses just 3 square kilometers. |
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| GENUS SPECIES |
Megadyptes antipodes |
| SIZE |
76 cm (30 in.), 6 kg (3 lb.) |
| DISTRIBUTION |
southeast New Zealand |
| PREY |
fishes and squids |
| PREDATORS |
New Zealand sea lions, domestic predators (prey on chicks) |
| POPULATION |
estimated 4,840 mature individuals |
| CURRENT STATUS |
IUCN classifies this species as "endangered"; population numbers fluctuating |
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| Yellow-eyed penguins are found in southeast New Zealand. |
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| GENUS SPECIES |
Spheniscus magellanicus |
| SIZE |
61-71 cm (24-28 in.), 5 kg (11 lb.) |
| DISTRIBUTION |
Falkland Islands and along the coasts of Chile and Argentina |
| PREY |
small fishes, cuttlefish |
| PREDATORS |
Southern sea lions, leopard seals, Patagonian foxes |
| POPULATION |
about 1,300,000 breeding pairs |
| CURRENT STATUS |
IUCN classifies this species as "near threatened"; population has declined at Punta Tombo and in the Falklands |
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| Magellanic penguins are found on the Falkland Islands and along the coasts of Chile and Argentina. |
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| GENUS SPECIES |
Spheniscus demersus |
| SIZE |
61-71 cm (24-28 in.), 3 kg (7 lb.) |
| DISTRIBUTION |
South African waters |
| PREY |
mostly anchovies, sardines but also squids, crustaceans, and other fishes |
| PREDATORS |
South African fur seals, Southern sea lions, octopus, sharks, sacred ibis, gulls |
| POPULATION |
about 180,000 adults |
| CURRENT STATUS |
IUCN classifies this species as "vulnerable"; CITES lists in Appendix II (threatened); population decreasing; threatened by egg and guano collecting, predation on land, oil pollution, and overfishing of anchovies and sardines |
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| African penguins are found in South African waters. |
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| GENUS SPECIES |
Eudyptula minor |
| SIZE |
41 cm (16 in.), about 1 kg (2 lb.) |
| DISTRIBUTION |
southern Australia and New Zealand |
| PREY |
small fishes |
| PREDATORS |
Australian sea lions, fur seals, dogs, cats, stoats, ferrets |
| POPULATION |
about 350,000 to 600,000 adult penguins |
| CURRENT STATUS |
IUCN classifies this species as "least concern" |
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| Fairy penguins are found along the coasts of southern Australia and New Zealand. |
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| GENUS SPECIES |
Spheniscus humboldti |
| SIZE |
56-66 cm (22-26 in.), 4 kg (9 lb.) |
| DISTRIBUTION |
islands off western South America, and along the coasts of Peru and Chile |
| PREY |
anchovetta (small fish) |
| PREDATORS |
possibly sharks and Southern sea lions |
| POPULATION |
approximately 3,300 to 12,000 mature individuals |
| CURRENT STATUS |
IUCN classifies this species as "vulnerable"; CITES lists in Appendix I (endangered); significant threats include overfishing of prey species, drowning in gill nets, guano harvesting, human interference, and El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events |
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| Humboldt penguins are found on islands off of western South America and along the coasts of Peru and Chile. |
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| GENUS SPECIES |
Spheniscus mendiculus |
| SIZE |
53 cm (21 in.), about 2.5 kg (5-6 lb.) |
| DISTRIBUTION |
Galápagos Islands |
| PREY |
small fishes |
| PREDATORS |
sharks, eared barn owls, Galápagos hawk, feral cats, dogs |
| POPULATION |
about 1,200 mature individuals |
| CURRENT STATUS |
IUCN classifies this species as "endangered "; listed as endangered on the US Endangered Species List; increased human exploitation of the island contributes to habitat degradation and disturbances. This species has also suffered population declines as a result of ENSO events. |
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| Galápagos penguins are found on the Galápagos Islands and off the coast of Ecuador on the equator. |
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